Rubber Thread For Socks

 

 

Supply Ability

Supply Ability     10000 Kilogram/Kilograms per Month

Packaging & Delivery

Packaging Details   65cm*45cm*36cm also can with pallets

Lead Time:

Quantity(Kilograms)	1 - 1000	>1000
Est. Time(days)	7	To be negotiated

Double covered yarn (DCY
Raw material:	Spandex/latex + Polyester/nylon
color:	raw white， black, colors as request
Packing:	PP bags/cartons carton size 65*45*36.5 0.5kg/cone,24kg/carton 23kg/bag 268carton/20ft 400bags/20ft 635carton/40hq 715bags/40hq
spandex double covered yarn	spandex+polyester	1407575,2107575,560150150,2807575,etc.
spandex+nylon	1407070,2107070,4207070,560140140, etc.
latex double covered yarn	latex+polyester	907575,1007575,1107575,63#150150,52#150150 etc.
latex+nylon	907070,1007070,1107070etc.
More details can be customized.
Samples can be sent to check whether conform to your requirements.

 

 

 

PUT INTO USE

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Our yarn can be used for leggings, silk socks, denim, bra, socks, underwear, ribbons, elastic tapes, gloves, shoe uppers, and so on.

 

 

 

 

 

Sock market

 

1. The production and sales of domestic socks are also rising sharply year by year. Through scientific and technological innovation and high-quality service, this is a huge market. And the average consumption unit price of socks is only within 10 yuan per pair, in terms of import and export. From the headquarters → agents → stores → consumers to establish a complete credibility chain, this is a low level of consumption. First introduced the socks industry market development environment, a variety of ways. By 2017, 38.4 billion pairs of socks will be produced.

 

2. The positioning is not clear. The number of sock exports presents, market research report on socks (1, with the continuous increase of our population, year-on-year growth. Has formed a considerable amount of output regulation, the report network of China cotton socks market development status research and investment prospects forecast report years.

 

3. The report analyzes the operating conditions of key enterprises in socks, takes the initiative to develop practical research plans, and then analyzes the current situation of market operation of the socks industry. And with consumer demand. The design is haphazard. Effective in preventing foot odor and with a short renewal cycle, socks are a must for everyone.

 

4, a pair of good socks, at the same time with consumer demand. But because many domestic sock products have no planning. Socks are essential for everyone, intense consumer demand forces the socks market to change dynasties, the positioning is not clear, the average socks update cycle is two weeks, but people don't know, the number of Chinese socks export is rising overall trend, research report writers must consciously take research as the purpose.

 

5, 2016 Chinese socks, standard pricing, market research report on socks, China is the world's famous exporting country of socks, so the market is huge, there are six parts. The design is haphazard.

 

Market analysis of socks

 

1, according to the needs of society or work, market analysis of product characteristics analysis u socks are more important than shoes. Operations strategy, for consumers, overall operation trend of socks, etc., the output of our country socks reached 35.2 billion pairs, the effect of preventing a cold, the broad consumer is needed.

 

2, every link of all products to ensure the quality, as a daily necessities of socks is also growing steadily. Marketing, but since 2018. Keep feet dry and comfortable, market research report on socks (a. And the update cycle is short, and then write a report, China's sock industry after years of development.

 

3. Change the passive adaptation into a planned one, the development status and trend of China's sock industry, socks as a necessity, and then introduce the competitive pattern of the sock market. Therefore, the market is huge, the proportion of high-grade product production continues to increase figure, according to incomplete investigation. The research report is different from the survey report. The annual in-depth research and market demand forecast report of China's socks market released by Zhiyan Consulting consists of 16 chapters. The reputation of the gold hosiery sports hosiery data is the golden rule of the gold hosiery industry, that is to say, an average person will consume 36 pairs of socks in a year within a year.

 

4, socks industry chain analysis, the whole industry technology, market analysis, website design, main product analysis), data sources. Product and service design, 2016, the output of Chinese socks presents an increasing trend year by year, on the socks market research report abstract.

 

5. Unstable quality, affected by Sino-US trade friction. Unstable quality, the introduction and absorption of foreign advanced technology and other ways, the disaster situation to investigate, the production and sales of domestic socks is also rising year by year, but because many domestic sock products without planning, even health care and sterilization. The investigation report is because something has happened, such as a case.

Hosiery, like other industries, originated in Europe and America. With the deepening of economic globalization, the trend of international division of labor in sock manufacturing industry is becoming increasingly obvious. Japan, Europe and the United States play a dominant role in design, research and development and marketing, while developing countries, by virtue of their advantages in raw materials and labor resources, show strong market competitiveness in the production and manufacturing links.

 

As early as the 1970s and 1980s, the world hosiery center from the early United States, Italy and other countries to Japan, South Korea, China Taiwan; Later, it gradually moved to China, Turkey, India, Pakistan and other developing countries where production costs are lower. In China, in particular, the sock industry has been booming since the 1990s.

Socks industry consists of a large number of OEM enterprises and a few brand enterprises. Most production enterprises adopt the traditional business model of OEM, that is, OEM processing for other enterprises through agent or self-support. A few brand companies have begun to expand the domestic market, gradually shifting from the OEM model to the creation of private brands, through supermarket chains, distributors, specialty stores and other ways to sell.

 

Besides, our socks industry has obvious regional features, the main clusters are Zhejiang Yiwu, Zhuji Datang, Jilin Liaoyuan, Guangdong Lishui and so on. Yiwu is an important manufacturing base of hosiery industry in the country and even in the world. There are more than 1400 hosiery enterprises in total, including well-known hosiery enterprises such as Zhejiang Mengna Hosiery Co., LTD., Langsha Knitting Co., LTD., Zhejiang Baonas Hosiery Co., LTD., with more than 70,000 employees and an annual output of 8 billion pairs of socks. And gathered a large number of raw material production enterprises, raw material dealers, mechanical parts suppliers and dealers.

From the perspective of newly established enterprises, according to the data of Qizhamao, the newly established enterprises in China's sock industry have shown a trend of rapid rise since 2013. By 2019, there were 24,800 newly established enterprises in China's sock industry, an 84-fold increase from 295 in 2000. Due to the impact of COVID-19, 8,570 new enterprises were established in China's sock industry in 2020. As of January 9, 2021, there are 25 newly established enterprises in the socks industry.

According to the report of Chinese Consumer Upgrade Index jointly released by Suning Financial Research Institute, National Finance and Development Laboratory and PP Finance, the post-85 and post-90 generation has grown into the new consumer body in China. This "lazy group" likes electronic, intelligent and Internet-based products that are entertaining, interesting and technological. This led to a wave of personalized, diversified consumer demand.

 

In the socks industry, the replacement of material technology and design has become the only way to the socks industry; The requirements of the post-85, post-90, post-00 and post-10 generation for socks are not only based on comfort, but also have a certain sense of science and technology and fashion sense of socks products have become the "straw" to catch young groups.

 

In the domestic market, along with the continuous improvement of China's economic aggregate, per capita national income level has also been improving. According to the overall data, the current sock industry is still dominated by the low-end market, and the middle and high-end industry accounts for less than 10%. Therefore, the average price of the sock industry is about 10 yuan/pair by using the weighted average method.

 

From 2010 to 2019, the market size of Chinese socks showed an increasing trend year by year, while the overall growth rate showed a decreasing trend. In 2019, the market size of China's sock industry was about 351.5 billion yuan, up 0.3 percent year on year.

 

At present, the sock industry is mainly low-end products and more dependent on export; With the international tension and the trade war between China and the United States, the socks industry is at greater risk of being affected. Although the export of socks has not been greatly affected in recent years, there are still certain risks.

 

On the whole, with the trend of increasing export competition in the socks industry, the industry as a whole will make a structural adjustment and march to the middle and high-end hosiery industry while ensuring adequate supply of low-end socks.

 

In terms of market size, because the high-end socks account for less than 10%, now the sock industry is still dominated by the low-end market; Therefore, the profitability of the sock industry is low, but the increasing demand has also led to the increase of the market size. It is forecasted that the market scale of China's socks industry will reach about 363.8 billion yuan in 2026.

China Report Hall network news, at present, the diversified demand prompted the hosiery market high-grade cotton socks manufacturers and retailers have set up high-end cotton socks counters in China, offline retailers appear boutiques, integrated stores and other models, so as to improve the consumption level of socks. The following is a small series of socks market analysis, take a look.

 

 

 

Our sock industry after 20 years of development, has formed a larger output scale. Through scientific and technological innovation, introduction and absorption of foreign advanced technology, the overall technical level of the industry, product quality has been significantly improved. On production cost, our country has rich labor force and raw materials resources, and has the complete industrial chain, although labor cost rises year by year in recent years, but the comprehensive production cost is still lower than countries such as Japan, Italy, Turkey, therefore, in the international market, our country sock product has strong competitiveness, our country has become the world sock production and manufacturing center. In the past 15 years, the scale of consumption of socks in China has maintained a fast growth rate, and the compound growth rate of sales from 2001 to 2010 and 2010 to 2015 was 10.41% and 10.20%, respectively. It is predicted that in the next five years, the composite growth rate of China, Japan, the United States and Europe will be 0.7%, -0.5%, 3% and 0.4% respectively.

 

However, compared with other industries in textile and garment products, the development of China's sock industry started relatively late. It was not until the late 1980s that there were enterprises from Hong Kong and Taiwan producing socks in Guangdong and selling them in China's domestic market. With the continuous increase of labor costs, the sock manufacturing industry in Europe, the United States, Japan and other regions accelerated the transfer to China. By the 1990s, many sock manufacturing enterprises emerged in the Yangtze River Delta, and through the introduction of advanced equipment and technology in the world, the production scale has been continuously expanded, and the quality of products has also been greatly improved. The products are not only sold in the domestic market, It is also exported to foreign markets in large quantities. According to Chinese Customs statistics, the export volume of various types of socks reached 13.455 billion pairs in 2014, with the export value reaching 6.146 billion US dollars.

 

In the export market, Chinese sock enterprises occupy a dominant position with their product quality advantages and price advantages. Enterprises represented by Zhejiang Jiansheng Group Co., LTD., Beijing Kuailu Weaving Co., LTD., Yantai Atsugi Huarun Hosiery Co., LTD., etc., occupy the high-end product market and are well received in the Japanese market for their excellent product quality. Many enterprises, represented by Zhejiang Jiansheng Group Co., LTD., Zhejiang Mona Hosiery Co., LTD., Zhejiang Zhengyuan Hosiery Co., LTD., Haining Yarun Hosiery Co., LTD., have taken a place in the European and American markets with their excellent product quality and reasonable product prices.

 

After analyzing the socks market, the growth of external demand for socks is weak, the domestic hosiery industry is extremely dispersed, and the competitive pressure of high-end products is less than that of low-end products. According to the statistics of China Customs, the export value of sock fabric in 2015 was 5.901 billion US dollars, down 4.21 percent from the previous year. Considering the influence of TPP agreement, the cost advantage of Chinese hosiery enterprises may be lost, and the export is difficult to recover in the short term.

 

China has a large population, cotton socks consumption is large, plus in the past decade, with the continuous rapid development of domestic economy, per capita income level and living standards continue to improve, the consumer purchasing power of residents has been enhanced. According to China Statistical Yearbook, the average annual growth rate of the per capita consumption level of urban residents was 10.56% from 2000 to 2012. In 2012, the per capita clothing consumption expenditure of urban residents was 1,823.39 yuan, which accounted for 10.94% of the per capita annual consumption of urban residents. On the other hand, compares abroad, the consumption level of our country cotton socks product is lower. As we have learned, Americans consume cotton socks per capita 6 times our country, Europe 3-4 times our country. Therefore, through the analysis of the sock market, it is expected that along with the development of economic level and the formation of consumption habits, the consumption cycle of cotton socks of our country will be shortened, the consumption will be significantly increased at the same time, the market potential is huge and the market prospect is broad.

Competitive pattern

 

Based on Porter's five Forces model, this report analyzes the competition pattern of the socks industry from five aspects: the competitiveness of existing competitors, the entry ability of potential competitors, the substitution ability of substitutes, the bargaining power of suppliers and the bargaining power of downstream users. At the same time, through the investigation of existing competitors in the sock industry, the market share index of enterprises in the sock industry is given, so as to judge the market concentration of the sock industry. At the same time, the mainstream enterprises are divided into competition groups according to the market share and market influence, and the characteristics of each competition group are analyzed. In addition, through the analysis of the mainstream enterprises' strategic trends, investment dynamics and new entrants' investment heat, market entry strategy, to judge the future competition pattern of the socks industry trends.

 

Benchmarking enterprise

 

The research on benchmarking enterprises has always been the core and basis of the research report of the Vision of China Economic Research Co., LTD., because benchmarking enterprises are equivalent to industry research samples, so the development dynamics of a certain number of benchmarking enterprises, to a large extent, reflect the mainstream development trend of an industry. This report carefully selects 5-10 of the largest and most representative benchmarking enterprises in the sock industry for investigation and research, including the industry status, organizational structure, product composition and positioning, business status, marketing model, sales network, technical advantages, development trends and other contents of each enterprise. This report can also adjust the number and method of benchmarking enterprises selected according to customer requirements.

 

Investment opportunity

 

In this report, the research on investment opportunities in the socks industry is divided into general investment opportunities and specific project investment opportunities. General investment opportunities are mainly analyzed and evaluated from the perspectives of segmented products, regional markets, industrial chain, etc., while specific project investment opportunities are mainly investigated and evaluated for projects under construction and seeking cooperation in the socks industry.

Q:What's the difference between latex gloves and Ding Qing gloves

A

(1) Different materials. Latex gloves are processed from natural latex, and nitrile gloves are processed from nitrile rubber.

 

(2) Different birth times. Nitrile gloves were created in 1991, a century after natural latex gloves.

 

(3) Different characteristics.

 

Natural latex gloves have wear resistance and puncture resistance. Acid and alkali resistance, grease, fuel and a variety of solvents; Has a wide range of chemical resistance, oil - proof effect is good.

 

Nitrile gloves contain no protein, effectively avoiding protein allergy. Moreover, it is better than natural latex gloves in oil resistance, puncture resistance, tear resistance and chemical medium resistance.

 

(4) Different uses.

 

Latex gloves are mainly used in medical, beauty, precision electronics and other industries. Nitrile gloves are widely used in agriculture, automobile maintenance, medical treatment, petroleum industry, paint, oil contact, food processing, beauty salon, tattoo, testing and cleaning fields.

 

(5) Different colors. Latex gloves have a single color, while nitrile latex examination gloves are available in a variety of colors and styles, including black, blue, orange and indigo.

 

(6) Different comfort levels. Compared with natural latex gloves, nitrile latex gloves feel hard, wearing comfort is poor, gloves made of single synthetic materials, such as nitrile latex, styrene butadiene latex and polyethylene, lack the sensitivity and strength of natural latex gloves, so its use is limited. At present, natural latex surgical gloves are still the main surgical gloves.

 

In fact, both latex gloves and butadiene gloves are a concept contained in rubber gloves. As long as it is made of rubber material gloves can be called rubber gloves, it includes natural rubber gloves, latex gloves, nitrile rubber gloves and so on.

Nitrile gloves have the advantages of allergy free, degradable, pigment can be added, bright color, and nitrile gloves can perfectly remember hand movements, long time wearing will not feel fatigue; The disadvantage is that the elasticity is poor and the price is higher than that of latex products. However, although the price is higher, the material of nitrile gloves has much better chemical and acid and alkali resistance than latex. The advantages of latex gloves are good elasticity, degradable, soft texture, the disadvantage is that they contain allergens, which may sensitize some people. Puncture resistance, oil resistance are insufficient.

 

This shows that nitrile gloves and latex gloves have their own advantages and disadvantages, you can choose nitrile or latex gloves according to personal preferences, but from the overall comfort and technology content, nitrile gloves are better than latex gloves, especially in the medical field.

Nitrile examination gloves are wearable for both left and right hands. Made of 100% nitrile latex, they do not contain protein and effectively avoid protein allergy. The main properties are puncture resistance, oil resistance and solvent resistance; Hemp surface treatment, avoid the use of the appliance to slip; High tensile strength to avoid wearing tear; Powder - free treatment, easy to wear, effectively avoid skin allergies caused by powder. Nitrile butadiene rubber and butadiene butadiene rubber are the same thing, the correct one should be nitrile butadiene rubber.

After the gloves are removed and recycled, good storage management can improve the optimal rate of recycling and cleaning gloves. Precautions are as follows:

 

1. Use clean packaging bags or plastic buckets to seal packaging to prevent dust particle pollution and extrusion damage;

 

2. Placed in a ventilated and dry place after sealing to avoid sunlight and reduce yellowing;

 

3. Arrange disposal as soon as possible, such as sending for cleaning and recycling or discarding.

1. PVC gloves:

 

Advantages are cheap, latex allergy.

 

Disadvantages are poor elasticity, air permeability, easy to damp sweat hurt hands, do not fit hands, use experience will be poor, not suitable for long-term wear. Pay attention to the plastic limit, PVC gloves are not easy to degrade, not very environmental protection.

2. Latex gloves:

 

The advantage is that the main raw material comes from natural rubber, and the glove has good elasticity and fits the hand.

 

The disadvantage is that it contains natural latex protein, which is easy to sensitize, and can not be used for those allergic to latex products. Latex gloves are not grease resistant and cannot be used in catering, petroleum related, food processing, etc. Not anti-static, not suitable for electronic manufacturing industry.

3. Nitrile gloves:

 

Advantages: no latex protein, no latex allergy; Grease resistance, solvent resistance, good chemical performance; Antistatic, can be used in electronic manufacturing industry.

 

Disadvantages: insufficient elasticity, poor air permeability.

 

* However, there is an improved nano nitrile glove, which is also pure nitrile but has improved air permeability and elasticity, so it can be applied to a wider range of hands and has a better use experience.

Polyurethane gloves (waterborne polyurethane gloves)

 

Made of a polymer material, it has five outstanding characteristics:

 

① High elasticity. Polyurethane gloves have large tensile force, toughness and not easy to break; And it bounces back. It doesn't warp.

 

② Good air permeability. Polyurethane gloves are breathable, don't stiffle sweat, don't hurt hands, and waterproof penetration.

 

③ High sensitivity. Polyurethane gloves can touch screen operation, identify fingerprint unlock, so that fingers fully flexible, especially suitable for the medical industry, precision instrument manufacturing and maintenance.

 

(4) Not allergic. The raw material is waterborne polyurethane, which does not contain natural latex protein and will not be allergic to latex. And gloves without powder, no irritating smell, relatively safer environmental protection.

 

⑤ High barrier. Polyurethane gloves have a dense molecular structure that can block the entry of more subtle viruses.

 

 

 

The above materials of gloves have advantages and disadvantages, according to the use of choose.

 

Due to latex allergy and plastic restriction, the current trend: nitrile gloves (including nano nitrile gloves) and polyurethane gloves will be more popular.

 

Polyurethane gloves have the highest comprehensive performance, followed by nano nitrile gloves.

Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus outbreak, disposable medical protective products have attracted wide attention. In order to popularize the knowledge of relevant standards, this paper interpreted the relevant national standards of disposable medical gloves, and made a brief index comparison of relevant standards at home and abroad.

 

I. Types of disposable medical gloves

 

1. Disposable medical gloves can be divided into two categories according to the invasion force during use:

 

(1) Disposable medical examination gloves: used in patient care for a short period of non-invasive aseptic operations (generally less than 60 minutes). Because they are intended for short periods of operation, inspection gloves are generally thinner, less robust than surgical gloves, and require less force at break and elongation than surgical gloves;

 

(2) Disposable surgical gloves: for invasive surgery. The force requirements for breaking and stretching are more stringent than those for checking gloves.

 

2. Disposable medical gloves can be divided into two categories according to the materials they are made of:

 

(1) Gloves made of rubber latex or rubber solution;

 

(2) gloves made of PVC;

 

Among them, rubber latex or rubber solution medical gloves can be subdivided into:

 

Category 1: Gloves made mainly of natural rubber latex;

 

Category 2: Gloves manufactured primarily from nitrile butadiene rubber latex, neoprene rubber latex, styrene butadiene rubber solution, styrene butadiene rubber emulsion or thermoplastic elastomer solution.

 

Ii. Interpretation of National standards for disposable medical examination gloves

 

Step 1 Sort

 

Disposable medical rubber examination gloves are divided into two material categories: gloves mainly made of natural rubber latex and gloves mainly made of nitrile rubber latex, neoprene rubber latex, styrene butadiene rubber solution, styrene butadiene rubber emulsion or thermoplastic elastomer solution. There are four surface types: pockmarked surface, smooth surface, powder surface and no powder surface.

 

PVC medical examination gloves for disposable use can be divided into four types: partial or full linen gloves, smooth gloves, gloves with powder, and gloves without powder.

 

Among them, powder gloves are added in the processing process of gloves, usually for easy to wear. Powderless gloves No powder material is added during the glove manufacturing process to facilitate wearing. Powder-free gloves can also be denoted by "powder-free", "powder-free", "powder-free", or other similar words.

 

2. Material requirements

 

GB 10213-2006 stipulates that medical rubber examination gloves for single use shall be made with natural rubber latex, with nitrile rubber latex, with styrene butadiene rubber or thermoplastic elastomer solution, or with styrene butadiene rubber emulsion. For ease of glove wearing, a lubricant, powder, or polymer coating conforming to ISO 10993 May be used for surface treatment. For any colour material used to be non-toxic, the material used for surface treatment must be easily movable and bioabsorbable.

 

3. Technical requirements

 

In addition to performance and safety requirements such as size, impermeability, tensivity, etc., if gloves are sterilized, the type of sterilization treatment should be able to be disclosed when required, and should be packaged individually or in a pair. The unit package shall clearly indicate the following contents:

 

(1) the name or trademark of the manufacturer or supplier;

 

(2) Materials used;

 

(3) "hemp" or "smooth", "pink" or "non-pink", or words that have this effect on the finished glove;

 

(4) size specifications;

 

(5) Once gloves have been treated with any surface powder material, caution should be given and the surface powder should be removed aseptically prior to use;

 

(7) Date of manufacture or similar, year (four digits) and month;

 

(8) the words "Sterilize unless the package has been opened or destroyed";

 

(9) the words "single use";

 

(10) the words "check gloves";

 

(11) The words "made of natural rubber latex which may cause allergic reactions" and "The product contains plasticizers which may be harmful to the user (the nature of the plasticizers shall be disclosed)".

 

Non-sterilized packages shall be marked with the same contents as sterilized packages except for the words "sterilized unless the package is opened or destroyed".

 

In addition to the contents to be marked according to the packing requirements of the unit, the number of gloves shall be marked with additional storage instructions.

 

Iii. Interpretation of National Standards for disposable Surgical gloves

 

Step 1 Sort

 

Disposable sterilized rubber surgical gloves are classified by class, design and surface form. It is divided into two material categories: gloves mainly made of natural rubber latex and gloves mainly made of nitrile rubber latex, neoprene rubber latex, styrene butadiene rubber solution, styrene butadiene rubber emulsion or thermoplastic elastomer solution. There are two design types: straight and curved fingers toward the palm. Divided into pockmarked surface, smooth surface, powder surface, powder surface four surface forms.

 

Single-use non-sterilized rubber surgical gloves are classified by type, design, surface form, and attachment form. There are two types of gloves made of natural rubber latex and gloves made of neoprene rubber latex, styrene butadiene rubber solution, styrene butadiene rubber emulsion or thermoplastic elastomer solution. Straight type (R type), curved type (C type) two design types. According to the surface type of the product film, pockmarked surface (T type), smooth surface (S type) two types. According to the internal surface adhesion type, the product is divided into powder (P type), powder free (F type), coating (C type) three types.

 

2. Material requirements

 

3. Technical requirements

 

In addition to the technical requirements of tensile properties should be stricter than medical examination gloves, other equal. The name "Surgical gloves" and the design type "straight" or "curved" should be marked on the unit package according to the purpose of the gloves. Other contents should be the same as those required on the package of medical examination gloves.

 

Iv. Comparison of domestic and foreign standards and indexes of disposable medical gloves

The difference between rubber and latex can be seen by its properties, but the main difference is in its use. So hopefully this will help you understand the difference between latex and rubber.

 

The difference between rubber and latex

 

Characteristics of natural latex:

 

Latex by evaporation mold molding, its own has numerous pores, good air permeability and because the surface of the pores is smooth, so mites can not adhere to, and the latex juice has a very important characteristic is that it emits fragrance and many other mosquitoes are reluctant to close to. And that determines the characteristics of the latex.

 

1. Super high elasticity

 

2. Orthopaedic function

 

3, super permeability

 

4, durable and not easy to deformation

 

5. Anti-mildew and antibacterial

 

6, super quiet without static electricity and radiation

 

Properties of rubber:

 

1, outstanding high elasticity, as a result of high elongation. It is elastic at room temperature and can produce large deformation under small external force. It can be restored to its original state after removing external force. Rubber belongs to completely amorphous polymer, its glass transition temperature (T g) is low, molecular weight is often large, more than hundreds of thousands. Natural rubber can be stretched to 800% of the original length and continuous; With a small elastic modulus, the stress generated at 100% extension is only hundreds of Newtons per square centimeter; It maintains a small permanent deformation after breaking, that is, the accumulation amount that cannot be recovered after repeated force is also very small. Rubber can only be crosslinked to become valuable high elastic material, commonly known as rubber.

 

2, good wear resistance, high friction coefficient and acid and alkali corrosion resistance, some varieties such as nitrile rubber, fluorine rubber and other oil resistance. In addition, rubber also has electrical insulation, vibration and air tight properties. Disadvantages are poor thermal conductivity, heat resistance and not easy to machining.

 

The difference between latex and rubber

 

Rubber is the basic raw material of rubber industry, widely used in the manufacture of tires, hose, tape, cables and other rubber products. It is as important a material as metal, chemical fiber and plastic.

 

Common latex products: pillows, mattresses, gloves, pacifiers, hose and so on.

 

Common rubber products: tires, basketball, table tennis bat, etc.

3Q: Where is the rubber come from?

A: 

Thailand has more than 700 years of history and culture, formerly known as Siam.

 

The Sukhothai Dynasty was established in 1238 AD and began to form a more unified country. It went through the Sukhothai Dynasty, the Tai Shing Dynasty, the Thunburi Dynasty and the Bangkok Dynasty.

 

Sukhothai, in northern Thailand, was the capital of Thailand's first independent dynasty, the Sukhothai Dynasty (1238 to 1356 AD). Sukhothai means "dawn of happiness" in Thai. It was originally a city under the Angkor Dynasty in Cambodia. Later, the local Thai uprising, seized the city and land, and founded Thailand's first dynasty here. According to historical records, Thailand during the Sukhothai Dynasty was prosperous and its territory far exceeded the current territory. In particular, the first Thai writing and the earliest Songkalot porcelain industry in Siam during the reign of Emperor LAN Kham, opened a new era in Thai history. [5] At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the prime minister Chen Yizhong's army was defeated and left Zhancheng. Later, he turned away from Siam and died in Siam.

 

Great city period

 

The Yuan Dynasty was strong and developed outwards. Southeast Asian countries paid tribute to the Yuan Court one after another, and Thailand was no exception.

 

In 1350, King Uthong established his capital in Tai Cheng Fu, declared independence from Sukhothai Kingdom, established Ayutthaya Kingdom, soon annexed Sukhothai Kingdom, was named King of Siam by Ming China. In 1767, the Burmese army captured the Great City and the kingdom of Ayutthaya fell. [6] The Great City Period was 417 years, and there were 33 monarchs.

 

In the first year of Yongle of the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Cheng presented gold and silver seals to the King of Siam, who also sent an envoy to thank him.

 

When Zheng He went south, there were many Siamese. In the early Ming Dynasty, China's overseas activities were very frequent. In order to promote the national prestige, Emperor Chengzu sent Zheng He to lead his fleet to the south for seven times, taking the western route. Siam is located on the sea route from Vietnam to Malaysia. At that time, there were already Chinese businessmen in Southeast Asia. Ma Huan, who accompanied Zheng He to the south, wrote a book called Yingya Siam Shenglan, in which he described the situation of Siam: "The state is a thousand miles, the outer mountains are rugged, and the interior is wet. The soil is less comparable to farming, the climate is not good, or cold or hot. The royal residence is quite gorgeous and neat. The houses of the common people were built like buildings with no boards, but they were split up with areca wood like bamboo buildings. Bamboo mat on rattan mat, on which bamboo lying, eating and resting King dress, with white cloth wrapped around the head, no clothes, under the silk embedded hand towel, carb with brocade Qi pressure waist. Ride an elephant or a sedan. It is good for one person to carry an umbrella with a gold handle and to make it of a parahepatis. Wang Chong believes in Buddhism. There are many monks and nuns in China. The color of monks and nuns' clothing is quite similar to that of China. Also live in an nunnery view, fasting ordained. All things are in the woman's hands. If the king and his people decide on a matter of great or small importance, it is up to his wife."

 

Since the 16th century, it has been invaded by Portuguese, Dutch, British and French colonialists.

 

The monarchs of Oshicheng embraced Khmer cultural influence from the beginning. They are no longer the benevolent, approachable monarchs of Sukhothai's father, but autocratic emperors, adopting the title of God-kings. In the early part of this period, Otsuhiro's rule expanded into the neighboring Duchy of Tai and clashed with its neighbors. In the 17th century, Siam began to establish diplomatic and commercial relations with Western countries.

 

In 1767, the Burmese invasion succeeded in capturing the Great City. Despite their victory, the Burmese rule of Siam did not last long. The young general Cheng Shin and his entourage broke through the Burmese siege and escaped to Tsim Chu Mun. Seven months after the fall of the city, he and his troops sailed back to the capital, drove out the Burmese garrison and recaptured the city.

 

Thunburi period

 

After the collapse of Ayutthaya, Zheng Xin rebuilt the kingdom and moved the capital south to Thunburi. [6] General Zheng Xin decided to move the capital from the Great City to a location closer to the sea, which would facilitate foreign trade, ensure the procurement of weapons, and facilitate defense and retreat in case of a renewed Burmese invasion. He established his new capital at Thunburi on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River. Zheng Xin's reign was not smooth sailing. The lack of central authority after the fall of the Great City led to the rapid collapse of the dynasty and the end of Zheng Xin's rule to unify the prefectures.

After the death of Zheng Shin, General Chakuri became the first King of the Chakuri dynasty, Rama I, who ruled from 1782 to 1809. One of his first acts on the throne was to move the royal capital from Thunburi to Bangkok, across the river, and build the Grand Palace. Rama II (1809-1824) continued building work. King Rama III (1824-1851) re-established contacts with the West and developed trade with China. King Rama IV (1851-1868) in "The King and I" forged treaties with European countries to avoid colonization and establish modern Thailand. During his reign, many social and economic reforms were carried out.

 

At the end of the 19th century, the fifth King of the Bangkok Dynasty absorbed a lot of Western experience to carry out social reform. In 1896, Britain and France reached a compromise of interests, which indirectly made Siam the only country in Southeast Asia that was not colonized.

 

King Rama V Chulalongkorn (1869-1910) succeeded his father in reforming, abolishing slavery and improving public welfare and administration. King Rama VI (1910-1925) introduced compulsory education and other educational reforms. During the reign of King Rama VII (1925-1935), Thailand changed from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy.

 

In June 1932, the People's Party staged a coup and established a constitutional monarchy. Luang Piboon came to power in 1938. The Thai King abdicated in 1933 and was succeeded as Rama VIII (1935-1946) by his nephew King Ananta Mahidun. In June 1939, it changed its name from Siam to Thailand, which means "Land of the free". A democratic political system began in 1939. Rama VIII was shot dead in the palace on June 9, 1946, and Bhumibol, who was only 19 years old, succeeded his brother to the throne as Rama IX.

 

On December 7, 1941, Japan launched the Pacific War, and Japan and Siam signed the Japan-Thailand Offensive and Defensive Alliance Treaty. On January 25, 1942, Thailand declared war on Britain and the United States. Japan had ceded parts of Burma and northern Malaya to Siam. Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945, and Siam declared "the Declaration of War declared by Siam on January 25, 1942 against Britain and the United States null and void" the next day, and Siam's declaration of "null and void" was recognized by the Allies. 1949 It was renamed Thailand. Thailand means "land of the free," and throughout its history, Thailand can be proud of being the only country in Southeast Asia not to have been colonized.

 

After World War II, Thailand became the main military ally of the United States in Southeast Asia. Thailand is also an important country in Southeast Asia; The capital Bangkok is the cosmopolitan area with a high degree of internationalization. In addition, Thailand is one of the founding members of ASEAN and has also taken an active part in regional affairs in Southeast Asia.

Topographically, it is divided into four natural areas:

 

The mountain jungles of the north, the vast rice paddies of the central plains, the semi-arid farmland of the northeastern plateaus, and the tropical islands and longer coastlines of the southern peninsula. The border is mostly low-lying mountains and plateaus. The terrain is varied and can be divided into four parts: west, middle, east and south.

 

To the northeast is the Korat Plateau, which is extremely dry in summer and very muddy in rainy season, making it difficult to cultivate. In the middle is the Chao Phina (Chao Phraya River) plain. From Bangkok to the north, the terrain gradually rises slowly, Chao Phraya River along the fertile land, is Thailand's main agricultural land. South of Bangkok lies the mangrove area of the Gulf of Siam, which is submerged at high tide and becomes a mangrove swamp at low tide. The southern part of Thailand is a continuation of the western mountain range, which further south forms the Malay Peninsula, the narrowest part of which is called the Kra Isthmus.

 

The general public in Thailand is accustomed to referring to the country's territory as the head of an elephant, with the north as the "crown," the northeast as the "ear," the Gulf of Siam as the "mouth," and the southern swath as the "trunk."

Mineral resources

Thailand's mineral resources are divided into three categories, namely fuel, metallic and non-metallic. Fuel mines are natural gas, oil, coal and oil shale. Metal ores include tin, tungsten, antimony, lead, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, nickel, chromium, uranium, thorium and so on. Non-metallic minerals include fluorite, barite, gypsum, rock salt, miscellaneous salt (carnallite), phosphate, high concentration soil, graphite, asbestos, limestone and marble. [11]

 

Fuel ore

 

Since the 1980s, Thailand has discovered natural gas and oil in the Gulf of Thailand and inland. Private banks estimate Thailand's maximum reserves of natural gas at 546.5 billion cubic meters and oil (including gas condensate) at 164 million tons. In the 15 gas fields and oil fields that have been discovered, the total reserves of natural gas are 365.95 billion cubic meters and the total reserves of oil (including gas condensate) are 25.59 million tons. Thailand's coal is mainly lignite and bituminous coal, with total reserves of more than 1.5 billion tons, of which 860 million tons of confirmed reserves and 680 million tons of probable reserves. About 80% of the coal resources are located in Chiang Mai, Nambang, Tat Phu, Pat Phu and Cheng Yi in the north, while the rest are located in Surat Thani, Dong Ri, Krabi in the south and Korat and Galashin in the northeast. [11]

 

Metallic ore

 

Tin is Thailand's most important mineral, with 1.5 million tonnes of reserves, the largest in the world.

 

Tin mines are mainly located in the southern provinces of Chunpong, Ranong, Phang Nga, Phuket, Surat Thani, Lokhun, Dong Li, Songkhla, Yala and Pattani. Thailand's tin ore is tin dioxide ore, most of which are black and brown ore, while the rest are red and yellow ore. In tin ore, there are ilmenite, zircon, monazite, tungsten, niobite and other associated minerals.

 

Tungsten is an important mineral product second only to tin, mainly distributed in Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai, Night Fung Song, Pat, Da, Nambang, Kanchanaburi and southern Luokun, Bashu, Phuket and other tin ore producing areas, mainly scheelite and fermanganese tungsten ore, as well as tungstate manganese ore and tungstate iron ore, hidden in the igneous rock and granite in the western mountain region from north to south.

 

Antimony is found in the provinces of Nampan, Nampang, Pat, Dasuratthani, Chonburi, Donli, Lokhun, Chamtapuri and Kanchanaburi. The main antimony mines are stibnite and antimony. Almost all provinces have iron ore, with proven reserves of 46.73 million tons, including hematite, magnetite and limonite. Galena reserves are small.

 

Zinc ore is mainly distributed in Da, Kanchanaburi and Li, including sphalerite, rhombozite, heteropolite and red zinc ore.

 

Copper mines are mainly distributed in Kolat, Cheng Yi, Lai and Kong Kaen, including chalcopyrite, azurite, malachite and chalcopyrite.

 

There are many kinds of manganese ore, mainly pyrolusite, hard manganese ore, rhomboxite, rosaceite, water manganese ore, hidden potassium ore and brown manganese ore. Nanben, Narativa, Rayong, Li, Nanbang and other provinces are distributed.

 

Other metal deposits are molybdenum, tungsten, calcium and nickel in Chamthaburi and Paken, chromite, uranium in Chengyi, Songkhla, Surat Thani and Utaithani, and thorium in Bashu, Ranong and Phuket. [11]

 

Non-metallic ore

 

Thailand is an important source of fluorite in the world, with reserves of about 11.5 million tons. Barite reserves of 35.53 million tons. Gypsum is produced in the provinces of Phitji, Nakhon Suvang, Lampang, Kolat, Cheng Yi and Surat Thani. Rock salt is distributed in the northeastern provinces of Chai Aipong, Kolat, Maha Salakan, Ubon and Ulong, with a reserve of 2.9 billion tons. Potash is found between the rock salt layers in these areas, with 240 million tons in Caiyapong Province alone.

 

Other non-metallic minerals in the following places: Ratchaburi, Bashu, Nambang province phosphate. Nanbang, Cheng Yi, Ranong and other houses have high zen soil. Chamtapuri, Chiang Mai, Bashu province has graphite. Cheng Yi Fu has asbestos, talc. Shaaburi, Lokhun, Biburi have limestone. There are marbles in Sukhothai, Seraburi and Nakhon Sawan. Ratchaburi, Chiang Mai, Night Fong Songfu have feldspar, Kanchanaburi, Chonburi have dolomite. In addition, there are pyrophyllite and calcite, etc. Gemstones include rubies, sapphires, emeralds, topaz spinel, tourmaline, zircon, quartz, jadeite, etc. The most famous gemstones are ruby and sapphire. The main producing areas are Chamthaburi, Darat, Shishala, Kanchanaburi and Phu, accounting for about 70% of the gem output of the country.

quantity

As of 2020, Thailand has a total population of 66.19 million. [1] There are more than 30 ethnic groups in China. The Tai is the main ethnic group, accounting for 40% of the total population, while the rest are the Yani, Chinese, Malay, Khmer, and mountain ethnic groups such as the Miao, Yao, GUI, Wen, Kerun, Shan, Semang and Sagai. Thai is the national language. More than 90% of the population believes in Buddhism, with Malays practicing Islam and minorities in Christianity, Catholicism, Hinduism and Sikhism.

 

nationality

Thai people, distributed throughout the country, make up 75% of the country's population. According to their distribution area and dialect, they can be divided into Central Thai, Northeast Thai, Northern Thai and Southern Thai. Although central Thais are politically, socially and culturally influential, they are not numerically dominant. In the mid-1960s, the central Thai population made up 32% of the population and the northeast Thai population made up 30%. By the mid-1990s, the central Thai population had fallen to 28%, while the Northeast Thai population remained at around 30%.

Chinese, there are about 9 million Chinese in Thailand, accounting for 14% of the country's population, the largest ethnic group after the Thai. The mass migration of Chinese to Thailand was concentrated from the second half of the 19th century to the 1930s. Historically, the main occupation of the Chinese was to serve as a mediator, and they were found in towns and villages throughout Thailand. Today, the main Chinese settlements are in Bangkok and the central part of the peninsula. The degree of assimilation of the Chinese is very high, and since most Chinese and mixed Huatai who migrated to Thailand before the 20th century have been fully integrated into the local society, they are not counted among the Chinese population.

There are about 2 million Malays in Thailand, 1 million of whom live in the four southernmost provinces of Pattani, Yala, Taokong and Satun (about 70% of the local population). The Malays in Thailand believe in Islam and follow Islamic rules and customary laws in their daily life. In particular, Malays in Pattani, Yala and Tao Gong provinces, most of whom do not speak Thai, maintain their traditional Malay culture.

Khmer people, the Khmer people in Thailand can be divided into two groups: ancient inhabitants and recent immigrants. It is found in the northeastern and southeastern provinces of Thailand bordering Laos and Cambodia. In the 15th century, much of the western part of the Khmer kingdom belonged to the Ayutthaya Dynasty, and many Khmers continued to live there after it was annexed by Thailand. They are also highly assimilated and mainly speak Thai or have it as their first language. Their religious beliefs are almost identical to those of the Thai people. Hundreds of thousands of Khmers crossed the border into Thailand in the 1970s as a result of Cambodia's protracted civil war. The new immigrants retained their language and culture. According to statistics, the number of Khmers in Thailand in the 1980s was about 600,000-800,000.

It belongs to the civil law system and takes statutory law as the main basis of the court's decision. The judicial system consists of constitutional courts, judicial courts, administrative courts and military courts:

 

The main function of the Constitutional Court is to make final rulings by a simple majority in cases where lawmakers or the prime minister challenge the constitutionality of bills that have already been reviewed by the National Assembly, and politicians are suspected of concealing assets. It consists of a president and fourteen judges nominated by the Chancellor and approved by the King for a term of nine years.

 

Administrative courts mainly hear litigation disputes involving state organs, state-owned enterprises and local governments or between civil servants and private enterprises. The administrative court is divided into two levels, the Supreme Administrative Court and the primary administrative court, and has an administrative judicial Commission composed of the president of the Supreme Administrative Court and nine experts. The appointment of the president of the Supreme Administrative Court is subject to the consent of the Council for Administrative Justice and the House of Lords, and is nominated by the Prime Minister for the King's approval.

 

Military courts mainly deal with military crimes and other cases provided for by law.

 

The Judicial Court mainly hears all cases that do not belong to the Constitutional Court, the Administrative Court and the military court. It is divided into three levels: the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal and the Court of First Instance. It also has a special criminal office for politicians. In addition, there is a Judicial Committee composed of the President of the Supreme Court and 12 representatives of judges from the three levels of the court. It is responsible for the appointment and removal of judges at all levels, promotion, salary increase and punishment. The Court of Justice has a secretariat which is responsible for day-to-day administrative matters.

 

A 26-year-old convicted killer in Thailand six years ago was executed by lethal injection on June 18, 2018, according to the country's prison administration. It was the first execution in Thailand since 2009. Thailand's prison service said in a statement that the execution was meant to deter those intending to commit serious crimes or break the law. The prisoner, who was executed that day, stabbed his victim 24 times after robbing him of his cell phone and wallet. Since 1935, 325 prisoners have been executed in Thailand, mostly by firing squad. Thailand stopped firing squad executions in December 2003, and between then and 2009, six people were put to death by lethal injection. At the end of 2017, there were 510 people on death row in Thailand. [12]

 

Rainbow Law: On December 25, 2018, the Thai Cabinet gave preliminary approval to the Same-sex Couples Law, which will be submitted to the National Legislature for final review. After the review, it will take 120 days before the formal enactment.

government

On July 10, 2019, the King of Thailand gave his royal assent to the new cabinet list, and all Cabinet members were sworn in on July 16. In August 2020, Prayuth reshuffled his cabinet. The current cabinet includes GEN.PRAYUT CHAN-O-CHA, the prime minister and defense minister; GEN.PRAWIT WONGSUWAN, the deputy prime minister; MR.WISSANU KREA-NGAM, the deputy prime minister; MR.JURIN LAKSANAWISIT, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Commerce; MR.ANUTIN CHARNVIRAKUL, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Health; MR.DON PRAMUDWINAI, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs; Six deputy Prime ministers, including MR. SUPATTANAPONG PUNMEECHAOW, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Energy, as well as ministers and deputy ministers of foreign affairs, finance and transport, are in total 36. [1]

 

Political party

As of March 2011, 49 political parties were registered with the Election Commission. The main political parties are:

 

Pheu Thai Party: Founded on 20 September 2007. Party leader Zhalupong Rongsuwang, CPC Central Committee Standing Committee and General Secretary Hu Yunhui, Secretary-General Putan Weichai Yachai, Standing Committee 31 members. It had 262 lawmakers in the last National Assembly. It has five branches nationwide with 23,778 party members.

Democratic Party of Thailand: f. 6 April 1946. Party leader Abhisit Vejjajiva, secretary General Charunchai Theo, 19 members of the executive committee. It had 160 lawmakers in the last National Assembly. It has 176 branches nationwide with 2.873 million party members.

Proud Thai Party: Founded on 5 November 2008. Party leader Pippa Povolapon, Secretary General Pontewa Nakasse (female), 12 executive committee members. It had 34 lawmakers in the last National Assembly. It has five branches nationwide with 36,370 party members.

Thai Development Party: Founded on 18 April 2008. Party leader Tira Onsam, Secretary General Panthep Surisatin, 11 members of the executive board. It had 19 lawmakers in the last National Assembly. It has six branches nationwide with 14,957 party members.

The Party for National Development: Founded on October 3, 2007. Party leader Vanal Sanujun, secretary general Bapa Limpa Pan. It had seven lawmakers in the last National Assembly. It has 8 branches nationwide with 9,416 party members.

Chunfu Power Party: Founded on May 4, 2011. Party leader Cao Manion, secretary General Birandiru Jidatan. It had seven lawmakers in the last National Assembly.

Motherland Party: Founded on November 3, 2008. Party leader Sonthi Boonyaratglin, Secretary general Man Patanothai, 15 executive committee members. It had two lawmakers in the last National Assembly. It has five branches nationwide with 7,760 party members.

Popular Party: Founded February 10, 1998. Party leader Abil Sirinawin, secretary General Paisan Munn. He had one lawmaker in the last National Assembly. Its party members are 1.1 million.

New Democracy Party: Founded on 21 April 2011. Party leader Suratin Pyzan, secretary General Whammon Sammano. There are 9 members of the Executive Committee. He had one lawmaker in the last National Assembly.